OOP Concepts for Beginners: What Is Polymorphism
By Thorben Janssen

The word polymorphism is used in various contexts and describes situations in which something occurs in several different forms. In computer science, it describes the concept that objects of different types can be accessed through the same interface. Each type can provide its own, independent implementation of this interface. It is one of the core concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP).

If you're wondering if an object is polymorphic, you can perform a simple test. If the object successfully passes multiple is-a or instanceof tests, it's polymorphic. As I've described in my post about inheritance, all Java classes extend the class Object. Due to this, all objects in Java are polymorphic because they pass at least two instanceof checks.

Different types of polymorphism
Java supports two types of polymorphism:

• static or compile-time
• dynamic

Static polymorphism
Java, like many other object-oriented programming languages, allows you to implement multiple methods within the same class that use the same name but a different set of parameters. That is called method overloading and represents a static form of polymorphism.

The parameter sets have to differ in at least one of the following three criteria:

• They need to have a different number of parameters, e.g. one method accepts 2 and another one 3 parameters.
• The types of the parameters need to be different, e.g. one method accepts a String and another one a Long.
• They need to expect the parameters in a different order, e.g., one method accepts a String and a Long and another one accepts a Long and a String. This kind of overloading is not recommended because it makes the API difficult to understand.

In most cases, each of these overloaded methods provides a different but very similar functionality.

Due to the different sets of parameters, each method has a different signature. That allows the compiler to identify which method has to be called and to bind it to the method call. This approach is called static binding or static polymorphism.

Let's take a look at an example.

A simple example for static polymorphism
I use the same CoffeeMachine project as I used in the previous posts of this series. You can clone it at https://github.com/thjanssen/Stackify-OopInheritance.

The BasicCoffeeMachine class implements two methods with the name brewCoffee. The first one accepts one parameter of type CoffeeSelection. The other method accepts two parameters, a CoffeeSelection, and an int.

public class BasicCoffeeMachine {
// ...
public Coffee brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection selection) throws CoffeeException {
switch (selection) {
case FILTER_COFFEE:
return brewFilterCoffee();
default:
throw new CoffeeException(
"CoffeeSelection ["+selection+"] not supported!");
}
}

public List brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection selection, int number) throws CoffeeException {
List coffees = new ArrayList(number);
for (int i=0; i<number; i++) {
coffees.add(brewCoffee(selection));
}
return coffees;
}
// ...
}

Now when you call one of these methods, the provided set of parameters identifies the method which has to be called.

In the following code snippet, I call the method only with a CoffeeSelection object. At compile time, the Java compiler binds this method call to the brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection selection) method.

BasicCoffeeMachine coffeeMachine = createCoffeeMachine();
coffeeMachine.brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE);

If I change this code and call the brewCoffee method with a CoffeeSelection object and an int, the compiler binds the method call to the other brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection selection, int number) method.

BasicCoffeeMachine coffeeMachine = createCoffeeMachine();
List coffees = coffeeMachine.brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO, 2);

Dynamic polymorphism
This form of polymorphism doesn't allow the compiler to determine the executed method. The JVM needs to do that at runtime.

Within an inheritance hierarchy, a subclass can override a method of its superclass. That enables the developer of the subclass to customize or completely replace the behavior of that method.

It also creates a form of polymorphism. Both methods, implemented by the super- and subclass, share the same name and parameters but provide different functionality.

Let's take a look at another example from the CoffeeMachine project.

Method overriding in an inheritance hierarchy
The BasicCoffeeMachine class is the superclass of the PremiumCoffeeMachine class.

Both classes provide an implementation of the brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection selection) method.

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class BasicCoffeeMachine extends AbstractCoffeeMachine {
protected Map beans;
protected Grinder grinder;
protected BrewingUnit brewingUnit;

public BasicCoffeeMachine(Map beans) {
super();
this.beans = beans;
this.grinder = new Grinder();
this.brewingUnit = new BrewingUnit();

this.configMap.put(CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE, new Configuration(30, 480));
}

public List brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection selection, int number) throws CoffeeException {
List coffees = new ArrayList(number);
for (int i=0; i<number; i++) {
coffees.add(brewCoffee(selection));
}
return coffees;
}

public Coffee brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection selection) throws CoffeeException {
switch (selection) {
case FILTER_COFFEE:
return brewFilterCoffee();
default:
throw new CoffeeException("CoffeeSelection ["+selection+"] not supported!");
}
}

private Coffee brewFilterCoffee() {
Configuration config = configMap.get(CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE);

// grind the coffee beans
GroundCoffee groundCoffee =
this.grinder.grind(this.beans.get (CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE), config.getQuantityCoffee());

// brew a filter coffee
return this.brewingUnit.brew(CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE, groundCoffee,
config.getQuantityWater());
}

public void addBeans(CoffeeSelection selection, CoffeeBean newBeans) throws CoffeeException {
CoffeeBean existingBeans = this.beans.get(selection);
if (existingBeans != null) {
if (existingBeans.getName().equals(newBeans.getName())) {
existingBeans.setQuantity(existingBeans.getQuantity() + newBeans.getQuantity());
} else {
throw new CoffeeException("Only one kind of beans supported for each
CoffeeSelection.");
}
} else {
this.beans.put(selection, newBeans);
}
}
}

import java.util.Map;

public class PremiumCoffeeMachine extends BasicCoffeeMachine {
public PremiumCoffeeMachine(Map beans) {
// call constructor in superclass
super(beans);

// add configuration to brew espresso
this.configMap.put(CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO, new Configuration(8, 28));
}

private Coffee brewEspresso() {
Configuration config = configMap.get(CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO);

// grind the coffee beans
GroundCoffee groundCoffee = this.grinder.grind (this.beans.get(CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO), config.getQuantityCoffee());

// brew an espresso
return this.brewingUnit.brew(
CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO, groundCoffee, config.getQuantityWater());
}

public Coffee brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection selection) throws CoffeeException {
if (selection == CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO)
return brewEspresso();
else
return super.brewCoffee(selection);
}
}

If you read the post about the OOP concept inheritance, you already know the two implementations of the brewCoffee method. The BasicCoffeeMachine only supports the CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE. The brewCoffee method of the PremiumCoffeeMachine class adds support for CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO. If it gets called with any other CoffeeSelection, it uses the keyword super to delegate the call to the superclass.

Late binding
When you want to use such an inheritance hierarchy in your project, you need to be able to answer the following question: which method will the JVM call?

That can only be answered at runtime because it depends on the object on which the method gets called. The type of the reference, which you can see in your code, is irrelevant. You need to distinguish three general scenarios:

1. Your object is of the type of the superclass and gets referenced as the superclass. So, in the example of this post, a BasicCoffeeMachine object gets referenced as a BasicCoffeeMachine.
2. Your object is of the type of the subclass and gets referenced as the subclass. In the example of this post, a PremiumCoffeeMachine object gets referenced as a PremiumCoffeeMachine.
3. Your object is of the type of the subclass and gets referenced as the superclass. In the CoffeeMachine example, a PremiumCoffeeMachine object gets referenced as a BasicCoffeeMachine.

Superclass referenced as the superclass
The first scenario is pretty simple. When you instantiate a BasicCoffeeMachine object and store it in a variable of type BasicCoffeeMachine, the JVM will call the brewCoffee method on the BasicCoffeeMachine class. So, you can only brew a CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE.

// create a Map of available coffee beans
Map beans = new HashMap();
beans.put(CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE,

new CoffeeBean("My favorite filter coffee bean", 1000));

// instantiate a new CoffeeMachine object
BasicCoffeeMachine coffeeMachine = new BasicCoffeeMachine(beans);

Coffee coffee = coffeeMachine.brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE);

Subclass referenced as the subclass
The second scenario is similar. But this time, I instantiate a PremiumCoffeeMachine and reference it as a PremiumCoffeeMachine. In this case, the JVM calls the brewCoffee method of the PremiumCoffeeMachine class, which adds support for CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO.

// create a Map of available coffee beans
Map beans = new HashMap();
beans.put(CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE,

new CoffeeBean("My favorite filter coffee bean", 1000));
beans.put(CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO,

new CoffeeBean("My favorite espresso bean", 1000));

// instantiate a new CoffeeMachine object
PremiumCoffeeMachine coffeeMachine = new PremiumCoffeeMachine(beans);

Coffee coffee = coffeeMachine.brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO);

Subclass referenced as the superclass
This is the most interesting scenario and the main reason why I explain dynamic polymorphism in such details.

When you instantiate a PremiumCoffeeMachine object and assign it to the BasicCoffeeMachine coffeeMachine variable, it still is a PremiumCoffeeMachine object. It just looks like a BasicCoffeeMachine.

The compiler doesn't see that in the code, and you can only use the methods provided by the BasicCoffeeMachine class. But if you call the brewCoffee method on the coffeeMachine variable, the JVM knows that it is an object of type PremiumCoffeeMachine and executes the overridden method. This is called late binding.

// create a Map of available coffee beans
Map beans = new HashMap();
beans.put(CoffeeSelection.FILTER_COFFEE,

new CoffeeBean("My favorite filter coffee bean", 1000));

// instantiate a new CoffeeMachine object
BasicCoffeeMachine coffeeMachine = new PremiumCoffeeMachine(beans);

Coffee coffee = coffeeMachine.brewCoffee(CoffeeSelection.ESPRESSO);

Summary
Polymorphism is one of the core concepts in OOP languages. It describes the concept that different classes can be used with the same interface. Each of these classes can provide its own implementation of the interface.

Java supports two kinds of polymorphism. You can overload a method with different sets of parameters. This is called static polymorphism because the compiler statically binds the method call to a specific method.

Within an inheritance hierarchy, a subclass can override a method of its superclass. If you instantiate the subclass, the JVM will always call the overridden method, even if you cast the subclass to its superclass. That is called dynamic polymorphism.

The post OOP Concepts for Beginners: What is Polymorphism appeared first on Stackify.

CloudExpo | DXWorldEXPO have announced the conference tracks for Cloud Expo 2018, introducing DXWorldEXPO.

DXWordEXPO, colocated with Cloud Expo will be held June 5-7, 2018, at the Javits Center in New York City, and November 6-8, 2018, at the Santa Clara Convention Center, Santa Clara, CA.

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Cloud Expo | DXWorldEXPO 2018 New York
(June 5-7, 2018, Javits Center, Manhattan)

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(November 6-8, 2018, Santa Clara Convention Center, CA)

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* Society - The Big Issues

"DX encompasses the continuing technology revolution, and is addressing society's most important issues throughout the entire $78 trillion 21st-century global economy," said Roger Strukhoff, Conference Chair. "DXWorldExpo has organized these issues along 10 tracks with more than 500 of the world's top speakers coming to Istanbul to help change the world."

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DX World Expo's Global Themes and Tracks are as follows:

Technology - The Revolution Continues

DX Tech: Data-Driven Global 2000
DX Tech: The Blockchain Challenge
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DX Tech: The Global Cloud

Economy - The 21st Century Emerges

DX Econ: Software is Rewriting the World
DX Econ: Smart Cities, Nations, and Regions
DX Econ: FinTech and the Token Economy
DX Econ: The Industrial Internet and Industrie 4.0

Society - The Big Issues

DX Society: Environment
DX Society: Education
DX Society: Agriculture
DX Society: Health Care

Call for Papers -speaking opportunities- as well as sponsorship and exhibit opportunities will open on November 1, 2017.

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Cloud Expo | DXWorldEXPO 2018 New York
(June 5-7, 2018, Javits Center, Manhattan)

Cloud Expo | DXWorldEXPO 2018 Silicon Valley
(November 6-8, 2018, Santa Clara Convention Center, CA)

Full Conference Registration "Gold Pass" and Exhibit Hall ▸ Here (Register ▸ Here via EventBrite)

More Management Quotes
"For the past 10 years at Cloud Expo, we've helped drive the migration to modern enterprise IT infrastructures, built upon the foundation of cloud computing. Today's hybrid, multiple cloud IT infrastructures integrate Big Data, analytics, blockchain, the IoT, mobile devices, and the latest in cryptography and enterprise-grade security," said Fuat Kircaali, Chairman and founder of DX World Expo, LLC.

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2018 Conference Agenda and Tracks, June 5-7, Javits Center

Track 1 | Cloud Expo - Enterprise Cloud
Track 2 | DXWorld Expo - Digital Transformation (DX)
Track 3 | The API Enterprise | Mobility & Security
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Track 6 | Big Data | Analytics
Track 7 | IoT | IIoT | Smart Cities
Track 8 | Hot Topics | FinTech | WebRTC

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21st International Cloud Expo, taking place October 31 - November 2, 2017, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, will feature technical sessions from a rock star conference faculty and the leading industry players in the world.

Download Show Prospectus ▸ Here

Full Conference Registration "Gold Pass" and Exhibit Hall ▸ Here (Register ▸ Here via EventBrite)

Cloud computing is now being embraced by a majority of enterprises of all sizes. Yesterday's debate about public vs. private has transformed into the reality of hybrid cloud: a recent survey shows that 74% of enterprises have a hybrid cloud strategy. Meanwhile, 94% of enterprises are using some form of XaaS - software, platform, and infrastructure as a service.

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2018 Conference Agenda and Tracks, June 5-7, Javits Center

Track 1 | Cloud Expo - Enterprise Cloud
Track 2 | DXWorld Expo - Digital Transformation (DX)
Track 3 | The API Enterprise | Mobility & Security
Track 4 | DevOps | Containers & Microservices
Track 5 | Cognitive Computing | AI, ML, DL
Track 6 | Big Data | Analytics
Track 7 | IoT | IIoT | Smart Cities
Track 8 | Hot Topics | FinTech | WebRTC

Cloud Expo | DXWorldEXPO 2018 New York
(June 5-7, 2018, Javits Center, Manhattan)

Cloud Expo | DXWorldEXPO 2018 Silicon Valley
(November 6-8, 2018, Santa Clara Convention Center, CA)

Full Conference Registration "Gold Pass" and Exhibit Hall ▸ Here (Register ▸ Here via EventBrite)

Download Show Prospectus ▸ Here

Every Global 2000 enterprise in the world is now integrating cloud computing in some form into its IT development and operations. Midsize and small businesses are also migrating to the cloud in increasing numbers.

Companies are each developing their unique mix of cloud technologies and services, forming multi-cloud and hybrid cloud architectures and deployments across all major industries. Cloud-driven thinking has become the norm in financial services, manufacturing, telco, healthcare, transportation, energy, media, entertainment, retail and other consumer industries, and the public sector.

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(Oct. 31 - Nov. 2, 2017, Santa Clara Convention Center, CA)

@CloudExpo | @ThingsExpo 2018 New York
(June 12-14, 2018, Javits Center, Manhattan)

Full Conference Registration "Gold Pass" and Exhibit Hall ▸ Here (Register ▸ Here via EventBrite)

Sponsorship Opportunities

Sponsors of Cloud Expo | @ThingsExpo will benefit from unmatched branding, profile building and lead generation opportunities through:

• Featured on-site presentation and ongoing on-demand webcast exposure to a captive audience of industry decision-makers
• Showcase exhibition during our new extended dedicated expo hours
• Breakout Session Priority scheduling for Sponsors that have been guaranteed a 35 minute technical session
• Online targeted advertising in SYS-CON's i-Technology Publications
• Capitalize on our Comprehensive Marketing efforts leading up to the show with print mailings, e-newsletters and extensive online media coverage
• Unprecedented Marketing Coverage: Editorial Coverage on ITweetup to over 100,000 plus followers, press releases sent on major wire services to over 500 industry analysts

For more information on sponsorship, exhibit, and keynote opportunities, contact Carmen Gonzalez (@GonzalezCarmen) today by email at events (at) sys-con.com, or by phone 201 802-3021.

Secrets of Sponsors and Exhibitors ▸ Here
Secrets of Cloud Expo Speakers ▸ Here

All major researchers estimate there will be tens of billions devices - computers, smartphones, tablets, and sensors - connected to the Internet by 2020. This number will continue to grow at a rapid pace for the next several decades.

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There are over 120 breakout sessions in all, with Keynotes, General Sessions, and Power Panels adding to three days of incredibly rich presentations and content.

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Full Conference Registration "Gold Pass" and Exhibit Hall ▸ Here (Register ▸ Here via EventBrite)

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Accordingly, attendees at the upcoming 21st Cloud Expo | @ThingsExpo October 31 - November 2, 2017, Santa Clara Convention Center, CA, and June 12-14, 2018, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY, will find fresh new content in a new track called FinTech, which will incorporate machine learning, artificial intelligence, deep learning, and blockchain into one track.

Financial enterprises in New York City, London, Singapore, and other world financial capitals are embracing a new generation of smart, automated FinTech that eliminates many cumbersome, slow, and expensive intermediate processes from their businesses.

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More than US$20 billion in venture capital is being invested in FinTech this year. @CloudExpo is pleased to bring you the latest FinTech developments as an integral part of our program, starting at the 21st International Cloud Expo October 31 - November 2, 2017 in Silicon Valley, and June 12-14, 2018, in New York City.

@CloudExpo is accepting submissions for this new track, so please visit www.CloudComputingExpo.com for the latest information.

Speaking Opportunities

The upcoming 21st International @CloudExpo | @ThingsExpo, October 31 - November 2, 2017, Santa Clara Convention Center, CA, and June 12-14, 2018, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY announces that its Call For Papers for speaking opportunities is open.

Submit your speaking proposal today! ▸ Here

About @CloudEXPO and @DXWorldEXPO
SYS-CON Media (www.sys-con.com) has since 1994 been connecting technology companies and customers through a comprehensive content stream - featuring over forty focused subject areas, from Cloud Computing to Web Security - interwoven with market-leading full-scale conferences. The company's internationally recognized brands include among others Cloud Expo® (@CloudExpo), Big Data Expo® (@BigDataExpo), DevOps Summit (@DevOpsSummit), @ThingsExpo® (@ThingsExpo), and DXWorldEXPO® (@ExpoDX).

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