Abstract
Cementations bind sand/soil particles via physical and chemical interactions to form composite solids with macroscopic mechanical properties. While conventional cementation processes (e.g., silicate cement production, phosphate adhesive synthesis, and lime calcination) remain energy-intensive, bio-cementation based on ureolytic microbially induced carbonate precipitation (UMICP) has emerged as an environmentally sustainable alternative. This microbial-mediated approach demonstrates comparable engineering performance to traditional methods while significantly reducing carbon footprint, positioning it as a promising green technology for construction applications. Nevertheless, three critical challenges hinder its practical implementation: (1) suboptimal cementation efficiency, (2) uneven particle consolidation, and (3) ammonia byproduct emissions during ureolysis. To address these limitations, strategic intervention in the UMICP process through polymer integration has shown particular promise. This review systematically examines polymer-assisted UMICP (P-UMICP) technology, focusing on three key enhancement mechanisms: First, functional polymers boost microbial mineralization efficacy through multifunctional roles, namely microbial encapsulation for improved survivability, calcium carbonate nucleation site provision, and intercrystalline bonding via nanoscale mortar effects. Second, polymeric matrices enable homogeneous microbial distribution within cementitious media, facilitating uniform bio-consolidation throughout treated specimens. Third, selected polymer architectures demonstrate ammonium adsorption capabilities through ion-exchange mechanisms, effectively mitigating ammonia volatilization during urea hydrolysis. Current applications of P-UMICP span diverse engineering domains, including but not limited to crack repair, bio-brick fabrication, recycled brick aggregates utilization, soil stabilization, and coastal erosion protection. The synergistic combination of microbial cementation with polymeric materials overcomes the inherent limitations of pure UMICP systems and opens new possibilities for developing next-generation sustainable construction materials.
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(Copyright 2022 from Springer Nature). (B) Procedures of three-phase injection treatments in an artificial seawater environment (Xiao et al. 2023a) (Copyright 2023 from Elsevier)
(Copyright 2021 from MDPI). (B) Schematic illustration of using bone waste as low-cost raw material for urea-degradable bio-cement to reduce ammonia pollution (Gowthaman et al. 2021) (Copyright 2021 from Elsevier)
(Copyright 2023 from Elsevier). (B)Schematic diagram of the application of P-UMICP in bio-cementation
(Copyright 2019 from Elsevier). (B) Mechanism schematic of γ-PGA reinforcing cemented sands, enhancing strength and reducing brittleness (Yao et al. 2022) (Copyright 2022 from Springer Nature)
(Copyright 2014 from Elsevier). (B) Schematic illustration comparing (a) the less uniform distribution of bacterial cells from typical multiple bacteria spore capsules and (b) the more uniform distribution of bacterial cells from the proposed single-bacteria spore capsules (Xiao et al. 2023b) (Copyright 2023 from Elsevier)
(Copyright 2015 from PubMed Central). (B) Schematic diagram of PDA@CNT reinforced hydrogels coated with CSA cement paste shell for encapsulation of bacterial spores (Feng et al. 2022) (Copyright 2022 from Elsevier). (C) Process of encapsulation of bacteria using alginate, chitosan and CaCO3 to form a hydrogel l (Gao et al. 2020) (Copyright 2020 from Elsevier)
(Copyright 2021 from Royal Society of Chemistry)
(Copyright 2023 from Elsevier). (B) Recycled bricks aggregates (RBAs) were immersed in the bacteria culture containing urea and calcium chloride for 1 h, which a solution of ureolytic bacteria was added into the culture to form CaCO3 precipitation on the surface of RBAs (Wang et al. 2021) (Copyright 2021 from Elsevier). (C) Bottom surface images of the aggregates following (a) no SA-aided bio-deposition treatment (Group No SA) and (b) SA-aided bio-deposition treatment (Group Deposition-Bacteria-0.2SA) (Zhang et al. 2023b) (Copyright 2023 from Springer Nature). (D) Application of repair through multi-layer coatings on cracks within mortar surfaces (Rong et al. 2022) (Copyright 2022 from Frontiers in Materials)
(Copyright 2021 from Elsevier)
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This work was supported by the State Key Development Programs for Basic Research of China (No. 2021-05).
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Zheng, L., Hou, C. & Lu, X. Polymer-assisted ureolytic microbially induced carbonate precipitation: mechanisms, efficiency optimization, and bio-cementation applications. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-025-09729-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-025-09729-3